He drew blood from his arms. He saved his urine. He played computer games to test his memory fid reaction speed. He measured the shape of his eyes. Two hundred and forty miles below, Mr. Now, a comparison of these two men has provided a unique opportunity to learn what happens to the human body in space — down to the molecular level. On Thursday, just over three years after Mr. Kelly, 55, returned to Earth, NASA researchers reported that his body experienced a vast number of changes while in orbit. DNA amke in some of his cells.
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Vicky Stein Vicky Stein. In an ambitious attempt to explore what space travel does to the human body, NASA sent astronaut Scott Kelly to the International Space Station to live in orbit for a year. While Scott Kelly was in orbit, the microbes found in his gut shifted significantly from the kinds that the researchers found on the ground. Mark Kelly left and Scott Kelly are identical twins. Scott Kelly spent a year in space, while his brother stayed on Earth. Researchers compared the genetic, physical and cognitive changes in the twins to find out how long-term space travel affects humans. Along with his gut bugs, the changes in how his genes expressed themselves were only temporary. Ninety percent of his genetic levers — including ones in charge of his immune system — returned to normal six months after his return. Scott Kelly did face a modicum of health peril after a year in space. His cognitive speed and accuracy declined, persisting through six months after he landed. One of his eyeballs swelled slightly and his telomeres, special caps on the ends of his DNA strands, also experienced long-term shortening upon return to Earth — both are phenomena seen generally among space station astronauts. Telomere shortening is strongly correlated with accelerated aging and age-related conditions like cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Researchers on the ground had to send rockets up with lab supplies, and fly down little tubes full of poop swabs on multiple occasions. One of the rockets actually exploded en route. And the team had to keep everything frozen until all the samples were collected. It was important to process all samples at once, said Curtis Huttenhower, a microbiome researcher from the Harvard Chan School, who was not involved in this study. The computation-heavy technologies used to analyze thousands of species of gut microbes and their millions of genes were all developed in the last decade, and researchers are still honing the methods.
Activated genes
He saw numerous sunrises and sunsets each day. Cruising along at over 17, miles per hour, the International Space Station circumnavigates Earth once every 90 minutes. Kelly and his Russian counterpart Mikhail Kornienko therefore had the opportunity to witness an astounding 10, sunrises and sunsets over the course of their day mission. All told, they each traveled some million miles, or just about the average distance between Earth and Mars. Kelly grew noticeably taller.
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Traveling in space looks like all kinds of fun, and in a lot of respects, it is—provided how much money did scott kelly make can overlook a few downsides. The results are mixed — Kelly fared better than expected on some measures and worse on. One of the things that made Kelly an improbably perfect specimen for the year-in-space study was that he has an identical twin brother, Mark Kelly. Both were NASA astronauts, both are generally fit and healthy and both, of course, share the same basic genome. Take two people with identical genetic software and put them in decidedly non-identical surroundings, and then compare them throughout the year and.
Scott Kelly
At least some of the differences in health will be attributable to the time spent one of them spent in space. Some of the most important medical experiments involved cardiovascular health. Throughout the flight, Scott self-administered sonograms of his carotid and brachial arteries, and he regularly monitored his blood pressure and collected urine and blood samples. Mark underwent identical tests. There was also a spike in circulating markers of inflammation, especially so called c-reactive proteins CRPwhich are predictive of cardiovascular problems. His levels did not return to baseline for 36 days. His immune system took a hit .
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